Retscreen Manual (CHP) – replace.me

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

RETScreen memberdayakan para profesional dan pengambil keputusan agar dapat dengan cepat mengidentifikasi, menilai, dan mengoptimalkan kelayakan teknis dan kelayakan keuangan proyek-proyek energi bersih. Taka platforma inteligentnego oprogramowania ds. RETScreen ni mfumo wa Programu ya Usimamizi wa Nishati Safi wa matumizi bora ya nishati, nishati inayoweza kutumiwa tena na uchanganuzi wa mradi unaowezekana wa uzalishaji upya na hata pia uchanganuzi wa utendajikazi unaoendelea wa nishati.

RETScreen Expert , toleo mahiri la kulipiwa la programu, linapatikana katika Hali ya mtazamaji bila malipo yoyote. RETScreen huwawezesha wataalamu na wafanya maamuzi kutambua, kufikia na kuboresha uwezekano wa kiufundi na wa kifedha wa miradi ya nishati safi haraka. Ang RETScreen ay isang Software para sa Pamamahala ng Malinis na Enerhiya na sistema para sa pagka-episyente ng enerhiya, pagsusuri ng renewable na enerhiya at feasibility ng proyekto ng cogeneration at gayundin ang pagsusuri ng pagganap ng enerhiya.

RETScreen Expert , isang advanced premium na bersiyon ng software, ay available sa Viewer mode nang ganap na lobre. The percentage of the heating delivered by the intermediate load heating system 2 over the proposed case heating system energy demand is also calculated. Manufacturer The user enters the name of the equipment manufacturer for reference purposes only. Model The user enters the name of the equipment model for reference purposes only. Seasonal efficiency The user enters the seasonal efficiency of the intermediate load heating system 2.

This value is generally lower than the steady-state efficiency because it is calculated on a seasonal basis. In other words, the “steady-state efficiency” is for full load conditions while the “seasonal efficiency” takes into consideration the lower efficiency part load conditions that occur during the year.

Typical values of heating system efficiency are presented in the Typical Seasonal Efficiencies of Heating Systems table.

The first 3 listed are based on HHV natural gas fuel. Type The user selects the type of the peak load heating system considered from the drop-down list.

However, if “Not required” is selected and the Suggested capacity by the model is greater than 0, the calculations made by the model will not be accurate. Fuel type The user selects the fuel type for the peak load heating system from the drop-down list.

Fuel rate The user enters the fuel rate price per unit fuel for the type of fuel consumed by the peak load heating system. Suggested capacity The model calculates the suggested capacity of the peak load heating system.

Capacity The user enters the capacity of the peak load heating system. If the capacity entered is below the model’s suggested capacity of the peak load heating system, then it is assumed that the system cannot meet the peak heating load at design conditions and the calculations made by the model will not be accurate.

Note that the “System design graph” can be used as a guide. The percentage of the peak load heating system capacity over the proposed case heating system peak load is calculated. The percentage of the heating delivered by the peak load heating system over the proposed case heating system energy demand is also calculated. Seasonal efficiency The user enters the seasonal efficiency of the peak load heating system.

This is an optional equipment and its use will depend on how critical the heating loads are, and whether or not the peak load heating system is sufficient to provide all the backup heating. Type The user enters optional back-up heating system type considered if required. Back-up heating system might be part of a system. A common “rule-of-thumb” is that each heating plant should have back-up capability equal to the largest system. For example, a back-up heating system might be utilised in the case of a heating system shutdown or during an interruption in the fuel supply.

The back-up heating system capacity can be calculated as the largest capacity by comparing the sizes of the base load, intermediate load, intermediate load 2 and the peak load heating systems. The use of a back-up heating system depends on the “design philosophy” of the user. The back-up heating system provides greater security, but at a higher cost in new systems. For example, used oil boiler will often suffice as a back-up system.

In other cases a designer may choose not to include a back-up system, rather relying only on the peak load heating system.

Cooling The proposed case cooling system analysed can include three main components as follows: 1. Base load cooling system, designed to meet the majority of annual base load cooling demand; 2. Back-up cooling system optional , which is used in case of interruption of the other systems. See the following figure: Cooling System Load Definition Base load cooling system The user enters the information about the base load cooling system in the Equipment Selection worksheet and it is copied automatically to the Energy Model worksheet.

Capacity The user enters the capacity of the base load cooling system in the Equipment Selection worksheet and it is copied automatically to the Energy Model worksheet. The percentage of the base load cooling system capacity over the proposed case cooling system peak load is calculated. Cooling delivered The model calculates the cooling delivered by the base load cooling system in the Equipment Selection worksheet and it is copied automatically to the Energy Model worksheet.

The percentage of the cooling delivered by the base load cooling system over the proposed case cooling system energy demand is also calculated. Peak load cooling system The user enters the information about the peak load cooling system in the Equipment Selection worksheet and it is copied automatically to the Energy Model worksheet.

Type The user selects the peak load cooling system type in the Equipment Selection worksheet and it is copied automatically to the Energy Model worksheet. The percentage of the peak load cooling system capacity over the proposed case cooling system peak load is calculated.

Cooling delivered The model calculates the cooling delivered by the peak load cooling system in the Equipment Selection worksheet and it is copied automatically to the Energy Model worksheet. The percentage of the cooling delivered by the peak load cooling system over the proposed case cooling system energy demand is also calculated. This is an optional equipment and its use will depend on how critical the cooling loads are, and whether or not the peak load cooling system is sufficient to provide all the back-up cooling.

Type The user enters optional back-up cooling system type considered if required. Capacity The user enters the capacity of the optional back-up cooling system. Back-up cooling system might be part of a system. Back-up cooling system is used if the loss of cooling will have a significant impact e. For example, a back-up cooling system might be utilised in the case of a cooling system shutdown or during maintenance of the other systems. System design graph The System design graph summarises essential design information for the user.

The stacked bar graph on the right shows the CHP. The user also selects, by ticking the box, which system or fuel might be able to take advantage of clean energy production credits. This information will be used in the Financial Summary calculations.

Heating project Site conditions Nearest location for weather data The user enters the weather station location with the most representative weather conditions for the project. This is for reference purposes only. The heating design temperature is used to determine the heating demand. Note: The heating design temperature values found in the RETScreen Online Weather Database were calculated based on hourly data for 12 months of the year.

The user might want to overwrite this value depending on local conditions. The user should be aware that if they choose to modify the heating design temperature, the monthly degree-days and the heating loads might have to be adjusted accordingly.

Degree-days for a given day represent the number of Celsius degrees that the mean temperature is above or below a CHP. Domestic hot water heating base demand The user enters the estimated domestic hot water DHW heating base demand as a percentage of the total heating needs excluding process heating. If no domestic hot water heating is required, the user enters 0. Selecting process heating only without space heating for “Base case heating system” will hide this cell and the Equivalent degree-days for DHW heating cell.

Selecting process heating only without space heating for “Base case heating system” will hide this cell and the Domestic hot water heating base demand cell. Equivalent full load hours The model calculates the equivalent full load hours, which is defined as the annual total heating demand divided by the total peak heating load for a specific location.

This value is expressed in hours and is equivalent to the number of hours that a heating system sized exactly for the peak heating load would operate at rated capacity to meet the annual total heating demand. Typical values for the equivalent full load hours range from 1, to 4, hours for space heating. The upper range increases if the system has a high domestic hot water heating load or process heating load.

The monthly degree-days are the sum of the degree-days for each day of the month. Base case heating system The user selects the heating load type from the drop-down list. Technical note on heating network design The purpose of this technical note is to provide the user with a sample design of a district heating network used within the RETScreen model.

The example described below refers to the values presented in the Base case heating system section example and the Proposed case district heating network section example. The thermal energy is distributed using networks of insulated underground arterial pipeline main distribution line and branch pipelines secondary distribution lines.

The network can either be designed as a branched system, as shown in the Community System Building Cluster Layout, or as a looped system. This figure shows how the different building clusters are connected to the main distribution line i. Note that the office building cluster 4 and the apartment building cluster 5 are not put in the same building cluster as they have different heating loads. If they are put together the secondary pipe size will be incorrect.

For process heating only, this value is entered for reference purposes only. A building zone is any number of similar sections of a building connected to a single point of the distribution system. Note: When the user enters 0 or leaves the heated floor area per building zone cell blank, the remaining cells of the column in this section are hidden.

For process heating only, this value is entered for reference purposes only, but it has to be entered for each building zone considered in order to enter inputs in the remaining cells of the column. Heated floor area per building cluster The user enters the total heated floor space per building cluster.

A building cluster is any number of similar buildings connected to a single point of the distribution system. The user obtains this value for each of the buildings included in the heating system and summarises the values to enter the cluster total heated floor area see Technical note on heating network design. Note: When the user enters 0 or leaves the heated floor area per building cluster cell blank, the remaining cells of the column in this section are hidden.

For process heating only, this value is entered for reference purposes only, but it has to be entered for each building cluster considered in order to enter inputs in the remaining cells of the column. Number of buildings in building cluster The user enters the number of buildings in each building cluster. Fuel type The user selects the fuel type for the base case heating system from the drop-down list. Seasonal efficiency The user enters the seasonal efficiency of the base case heating system.

Typical values of heating system efficiency are presented in the CHP. If this value is not known e. This value depends on the heating design temperature for the specific location and on the building insulation efficiency. Peak process heating load The user enters the peak process heating load for the building, the building zone or the building cluster. This value depends on the process type and size used in the building, but it is assumed to be weather independent. If the process heating load or a portion of it is weather dependent e.

Process heating load characteristics The user selects the process heating load characteristics from the drop-down list. The “Detailed” option allows the user to enter the percentage of time the process is operating on a monthly basis in the “Base case load characteristics” section located at the bottom of this worksheet.

If the “Standard” option is selected, the process load is assumed to be the same for each month of the year and is calculated based on the peak process heating load and the equivalent full load hours for the process heating load. Equivalent full load hours – process heating The equivalent full load hours for the process heating load is defined as the annual process heating demand divided by the peak process heating load.

This value is expressed in hours and is equivalent to the number of hours that a heating system sized exactly for the peak process heating load would operate at rated capacity to meet the annual process heating demand. If the “Standard” option for the process heating load characteristics is selected, the user enters the equivalent full load hours for the process heating load.

If the “Detailed” option for the process heating load characteristics is selected, the user has to enter the percentage CHP. Space heating demand The model calculates the annual space heating demand for the building, the building zone or the building cluster, which is the amount of energy required to heat the space including domestic hot water.

Process heating demand The model calculates the annual process heating demand for the building, the building zone or the building cluster, which is the amount of energy required for process heating. Total heating demand The model calculates the annual total heating demand for the building, the building zone or the building cluster.

This value is copied automatically in the Financial Summary worksheet. Total peak heating load The model calculates the annual total peak heating load for the building, the building zone or the building cluster. It typically coincides with the coldest day of the year for space heating applications.

This value is copied automatically to the Financial Summary worksheet. Fuel consumption – unit The model displays the unit used for the fuel type selected for each building zone or building cluster. Fuel rate – unit The model displays the unit used for the fuel type selected for each building zone or building cluster. Fuel rate The user enters the fuel rate price per unit fuel for the type of fuel consumed by the base case heating system.

Fuel cost The model calculates the fuel cost for the base case heating system. Proposed case energy efficiency measures End-use energy efficiency measures The user enters the percent of the base case heating system’s total peak heating load that is reduced as a result of implementing the proposed case end-use energy efficiency measures. This value is used to calculate the heating system average load in the “Proposed case load characteristics” section at the bottom of this worksheet, as well as the net peak heating load and the net heating demand for the proposed case system.

Note: These proposed case end-use energy efficiency measures are in addition to the improvements in energy efficiency that result from implementing the proposed case system, as calculated in the other worksheets. Net peak heating load The model calculates the annual net peak heating load for the building, the building zone or the building cluster. This is the instantaneous heat required from the proposed case heating system to meet the largest space heating load including domestic hot water CHP.

Net heating demand The model calculates the annual net heating demand for the building, the building zone or the building cluster. Proposed case district heating network This section is used to prepare a preliminary design and cost estimate for the proposed case district heating network.

The pipe diameter varies depending on the heating load of the system. When pipe length is used in this section it refers to trench length with two pipes. The heat losses for a district heating system vary depending on many factors. For example, an area with snow cover for a long period has fewer losses than an area with similar temperatures and no snow cover. In the RETScreen model, heat losses have not been included as a separate line item.

These numbers change if the pipe length is short and energy delivered is high. Heating pipe design criteria Design supply temperature The user enters the design supply temperature for the district heating network.

If a mixed plastic and steel system is designed the rating for the plastic pipes governs the maximum water CHP. Medium Temperature MT supply is typical for steel pipe systems.

Low Temperature LT supply is typical for plastic pipe or mixed type systems. Developed by the Government of Canada with a number of partners, RETScreen is used by the public and private sectors to help analyze, plan, implement and monitor energy projects, and by universities and colleges worldwide for teaching and research. Engineers, architects, technicians, planners and other professionals in Canada and around the world use RETScreen in 36 languages.

RETScreen Expert , an advanced premium version of the software, is available in Viewer mode completely free-of-charge. Our software is also available in Professional mode on an annual subscription basis. Click here for more information. Be the first to learn about software updates and receive other RETScreen-related news.

Sign up to receive communications and alerts by sending an e-mail to RETScreen nrcan-rncan. Geothermal system Geothermal systems produce electricity for the power load using the natural heat of the earth. The model assumes that there is no waste heat recovered for CHP applications. Steam temperature The user enters the steam temperature, which represents the temperature at which the steam is extracted from the earth. This value represents the actual amount of steam necessary to produce 1 kWh of power.

Power capacity The model calculates the power capacity. The percentage of the power capacity over the proposed case power system peak load is also calculated. Fuel cell Fuel cells produce electricity for the power load using an electrochemical process. Heat can be recovered from the chemical exothermic reaction. If the minimum capacity exceeds the power net average load CHP.

The heat rate normally varies over the CHP. Wind turbine Wind turbines produce electricity for the power load using the kinetic energy from the wind. Capacity factor The user enters the capacity factor, which represents the ratio of the average power produced by the wind plant over a year to its rated power capacity. The lower end of the range is representative of older technologies installed in average wind regimes while the higher end of the range represents the latest wind turbines installed in good wind regimes.

Electricity exported to grid The model calculates the electricity exported to the grid based on the Operating strategy elected in the “Operating strategy” section at the bottom of this worksheet. Capacity factor The user enters the capacity factor, which represents the ratio of the average power produced by the hydro plant over a year to its rated power capacity. Photovoltaic module Photovoltaic PV modules produce electricity for the power load using the photons from the sun.

Capacity factor The user enters the capacity factor, which represents the ratio of the average power produced by the photovoltaic system over a year to its rated power capacity. Other In this section, the user enters information about other types of power systems not listed in the “Type” drop-down list. The “Other” option can be used to evaluate new power generation technologies.

Description The user enters the description of the power system for reference purposes only. Operating strategy The operating strategy section is used to help determine the optimal operating strategy for the selected power system.

Note that this method is only an indicator of the profitability of the selected system. The values calculated for the selected operating strategy in the Equipment Selection worksheet are displayed in bold and are copied automatically to the Energy Model worksheet. Electricity export rate The user enters the electricity export rate, which is the rate paid by the electric utility or another customer. If there is no electricity exported to the grid then the user does not have to enter this value, or can simply enter a value of 0.

Electricity rate – proposed case The user enters the electricity rate for the proposed case system, which represents the rate paid for electricity delivered by the utility after the implementation of the proposed project.

The electricity rate might increase after the implementation of the proposed project since utilities will often give lower rates to large users who have higher electricity demand.

Electricity delivered to load The model calculates the electricity delivered to the load for the different operating strategies. Electricity exported to grid The model calculates the electricity exported to the grid or to another customer for the different operating strategies. Remaining electricity required The model calculates the remaining electricity required for the different operating strategies.

This value represents the electricity that has to be provided by the peak load power system which can include grid electricity , as defined in the Energy Model worksheet. Heat recovered The model calculates the heat recovered from the power system for the heating load for the different operating strategies. Power system fuel The model calculates the power system fuel consumed for the different operating strategies.

Operating profit loss The model calculates the operating profit loss for the different operating strategies. This value represents the operating profit or loss to operate the selected power system based on the operating strategy selected. This calculation does not include costs related to initial costs, operation and maintenance, financing, etc. In this case, the efficiency is expressed as the amount of energy input in kJ from the fuel required to produce 1 kWh of useful energy.

See the following figure: Efficiency Calculation Select base load power system When there is a base and an intermediate load power system, the user selects the power system that will act as the base load system, from the drop-down list. The model then recalculates the values in the “Base load power system” and “Intermediate load power system” sections and operating strategy table. For “Power load following,” the model assumes that the system is operating at a capacity to match the power load.

For “Heating load following,” the model assumes that the system is operating at a capacity to match the heating load. These costs are addressed from the initial, or investment, cost standpoint and from the annual, or recurring, cost standpoint. The user may refer to the RETScreen Online Product Database for supplier contact information in order to obtain prices or other information required.

The second most cost effective installation is likely for retrofit situations when there are plans to either repair or upgrade an existing system. Many times the availability of a low cost fuel will make the CHP project financially attractive. While preparing the cost analysis for the proposed case CHP project, it is important to consider that some items should be “credited” for material and labour costs that would have been spent on a “conventional” or base case system had the CHP project not been considered.

The user determines which initial cost items that should be credited. It is possible that engineering and design and other development costs could also be credited as some of the time required for these items would have to be incurred for the base case system. A “Custom” input cell is provided to allow project decision-makers to keep track of these items when preparing the project cost analysis. These “credits” can have a significant impact on the financial viability of the proposed case system.

Settings Pre-feasibility or Feasibility analysis The user selects the type of analysis by clicking on the appropriate radio button.

For a “Pre-feasibility analysis,” less detailed and lower accuracy information is typically required while for a “Feasibility analysis,” more detailed and higher accuracy information is usually required.

To put this in context, when funding and financing organisations are presented with a request to fund an energy project, some of the first questions they will likely ask are “how accurate is the estimate, what are the possibilities for cost over-runs and how does it compare financially with other options? Some of this data may be time sensitive so the user should verify current values where appropriate. This process is illustrated, for hydro projects, in the Accuracy of Project Cost Estimates figure [Gordon, ].

At the completion of each step, a “go or no go” decision is usually made by the project proponent as to whether to proceed to the next step of the development process. High quality, but low-cost, pre-feasibility and feasibility studies are critical to helping the project proponent “screen out” projects that do not make financial sense, as well as to help focus development and engineering efforts prior to construction.

Cost reference or Second currency The user selects the type of reference that will be used as a guide to help estimate the costs for the proposed case project by clicking on the appropriate radio button. Note that this selection is for reference purposes only, and does not affect the calculations made in this or other worksheets. If the user selects “Cost reference,” the user can choose the cost reference from the dropdown list that appears in the next column. This feature allows the user to change the information in the “Quantity range” and “Unit cost range” columns, thus allowing the user to create a custom cost reference database.

This option allows the user to assign a portion of a project cost item in a second currency, to account for those costs that must be paid for in a currency other than the currency in which the project costs are reported.

Cost reference The user selects the cost reference from the drop-down list. If the user selects “Canada – ,” the range of values reported in the “Quantity range” and “Unit cost range” columns are for a baseline year, for projects in Canada and in Canadian dollars.

If the user selects “None,” the information presented in the “Quantity range” and “Unit cost range” columns hides. The user might choose this option, for example, to minimise the amount of information printed in the final report.

This selection thus allows the user to customise the information in the “Quantity range” and “Unit cost range” columns. The user can also overwrite “Custom 1” to enter a specific name e. Japan – for a new set of unit cost and quantity ranges in the cell next to the drop-down list. The user may also evaluate a single project using different quantity and cost ranges; selecting a new range reference “Custom 1” to “Custom 5” enables the user to keep track of different cost scenarios.

Hence the user may retain a record of up to 5 different quantities and cost ranges that can be used in future RETScreen analyses and thus create a localised cost reference database.

Second currency The user selects the second currency; this is the currency in which a portion of a project cost item will be paid for in the second currency specified by the user. This second unit of currency is displayed in the “Foreign amount” column. To facilitate the presentation of monetary data, this selection may also be used to reduce the monetary data by a factor e.

If “None” is selected, no unit of currency is shown in the “Foreign amount” column. For example, if Afghanistan is selected from the Second currency switch drop-down list, the unit of currency shown in the “Foreign amount” column is “AFA. Some currency symbols may be unclear on the screen e. The user can then increase the zoom to see those symbols correctly.

Usually, symbols will be fully visible on printing even if not fully appearing on the screen display. The exchange rate is used to calculate the values in the “Foreign amount” column. For example, the user selects the Afghanistan currency AFA as the currency in which the monetary data of the project is reported i. Symbol The user enters the currency manually when selecting “User-defined” as the Second currency. The second currency is selected by the user in the “Second currency” cell.

Foreign amount The model calculates for reference purposes only the amount of an item’s costs that will be paid for in the second currency. This value is based on the exchange rate and the CHP.

Initial costs credits The initial costs associated with the implementation of the project are detailed below. Feasibility study Once a potential cost-effective proposed case project has been identified through the RETScreen pre-feasibility analysis process, a more detailed feasibility analysis study is often required.

This is particularly the case for large projects. Feasibility studies typically include such items as a site investigation, a resource assessment, an environmental assessment, a preliminary project design, a detailed cost estimate, a GHG baseline study and a monitoring plan and a final report.

Feasibility study project management and travel costs are also normally incurred. These costs are detailed below. For small projects, the cost of the more detailed feasibility study, relative to the cost of the proposed case project might not be justified. In this case the project proponent might choose to go directly to the engineering stage combining some steps from the feasibility and development stages. The site visit involves a brief survey of all major buildings under consideration.

For larger systems, customers can be many kilometres away from the central plant. The identification of the most promising buildings or clusters is generally followed by a detailed site and building or clusters analysis. The analysis includes: measurement of the distance between the various buildings; determination of the fuel consumption for each building; measurement of the building areas and insulation levels; study and CHP.

Preliminary data gathering, which should build upon the initial pre-feasibility analysis data, should be conducted prior to, and during, the site visit. The time required for a site survey, detailed building and site analysis varies according to the number of buildings involved and the complexity of the existing system. Obtaining fuel consumption data can sometimes add to the time required. The cost of a site visit is influenced by the planned duration and travel time to and from the site.

The time required to gather the data prior to the site visit and during the site visit typically falls between 1 and 5 person-days. Resource assessment The user must carefully consider the energy resource to ensure that there is a sufficient local resource to meet the projects energy requirements in an environmentally appropriate and financially viable manner.

For example, biomass projects are not considered “renewable energy” unless the biomass is harvested in a sustainable manner. The time required to carry out a brief resource assessment is typically 1 to 5 person-days, depending on the extent of the field survey and the amount of data collection and analysis involved.

This assessment can usually be combined with the site investigation. Environmental assessment An environmental assessment is an essential part of the feasibility study work.

While CHP projects can usually be developed in an environmentally acceptable manner projects can often be designed to enhance environmental conditions , work is required to study the potential environmental impacts of any proposed case project.

At the feasibility study stage, the objective of the environmental assessment is to determine if there is any major environmental impact that could prevent the implementation of a project. Noise and visual impacts as well as potential impact on the flora and fauna must be addressed. The time required to consult with the different stakeholders, gather and process relevant data and possibly visit the site and local communities typically falls between 1 and 8 person-days. As with site investigations, the scope of this task is often reduced for small projects in order to reduce costs.

Consequently, additional contingencies should be allowed to account for the resulting additional risk of cost overruns during construction. The cost of the preliminary design is calculated based on an estimate of the time required by an expert to complete the necessary work. As with site investigations, the time required to complete the preliminary design will depend, to a large extend on the size of the project and corresponding acceptable level of risk.

The number of person-days required can range between 2 and Detailed cost estimate The detailed cost estimate for the proposed case project is based on the results of the preliminary design and other investigations carried out during the feasibility study. The cost of preparing the detailed cost estimate is calculated based on an estimate of the time required by an expert to complete the necessary work.

The number of person-days required to complete the cost estimate will range between 3 and depending on the size of the project and acceptable level of risk. A GHG baseline study identifies and justifies a credible project baseline based on the review of relevant information such as grid expansion plans, dispatch models, fuel use on the margin, current fuel consumption patterns and emissions factors.

The GHG baseline study sets a project boundary and identifies all sources of GHG emissions that would have occurred under the baseline scenario, i. A Monitoring Plan identifies the data that needs to be collected in order to monitor and verify the emissions reductions resulting from the project and describes a methodology for quantifying these reductions as measured against the project baseline.

An outside consultant or team is often called in to develop the baseline study and monitoring plan. However, as more project examples become available and standardised methodologies are accepted, these studies may be more easily carried out by project proponents. Costs will depend on the complexity of the baseline, the size of the project CHP. For example, CDM projects must also be monitored for their contribution to sustainable development of the host country.

Note that for small-scale CDM projects capacity of 15 MW, or energy savings of 15 GWh, or less , it might not be necessary to carry out a full baseline study as simplified baselines and monitoring methodologies are available. Report preparation A summary report should be prepared. It will describe the feasibility study, its findings and recommendations. Create Alert Alert. Share This Paper. Methods Citations.

Figures and Tables from this paper. Citation Type. Has PDF. Publication Type. More Filters. If the salvage value of the project at the end of its life is positive, then the user selects “Credit” from the drop-down list in the unit column in order to express this item as a negative value. However, if the costs of remediation or decommissioning that must be incurred at the end of the project life exceed the salvage value, then the user must select “Cost” from the drop-down list.

In addition to this summary information, the Financial Feasibility section provides financial indicators of the project analysed, based on the data entered by the user in the Financial Parameters section. The Yearly Cash Flows section allows the user to visualise the stream of pre-tax, after-tax and cumulative cash flows over the project life.

The Financial Summary worksheet of each Workbook file has been developed with a common framework so as to simplify the task of the user in analysing the viability of different projects.

This also means the description of each parameter is common for most of the items appearing in the worksheet. One of the primary benefits of using the RETScreen software is that it facilitates the project evaluation process for decision-makers. The Financial Summary worksheet, with its financial parameters input items e. A description of these items, including comments regarding their relevance to the preliminary feasibility analysis, is included below.

Project name The user-defined project name is entered for reference purposes only in the Energy Model worksheet, and it is copied automatically to the Financial Summary worksheet. Project location The user-defined project location is entered for reference purposes only in the Energy Model worksheet, and it is copied automatically to the Financial Summary worksheet.

Renewable energy delivered The Energy Model calculates the annual renewable energy production MWh of the project. This renewable energy delivered by the project also equates to the annual energy savings as compared with the base case electricity system. For central-grid applications, all the energy produced is assumed to be absorbed by the grid. For isolated-grid and off-grid applications, all the energy produced might not be absorbed by the grid due to a mismatch between energy demand and the energy supply.

The model does not consider storage of excess renewable energy. In this case, the renewable energy delivered equals the renewable energy collected less the excess energy available. Excess RE available For “Isolated-grid” and “Off-grid” grid types, the Energy Model calculates the excess renewable energy available MWh , which is the energy from the renewable energy system that is not absorbed by the grid or off-grid load and, therefore, is available as a by-product for heating or other uses.

Firm RE capacity The firm RE capacity refers to the “guaranteed” electrical power kW that a renewable energy electric power project can deliver. For wind energy projects, which are inherently intermittent, the user enters an “avoided cost of capacity” that is agreed upon with may need to be negotiated the local electric utility. This avoided cost of capacity will depend upon the profile of the local electrical demand and renewable energy supply conditions. In the most conservative cases, due to the intermittent nature of wind energy resources, the firm renewable energy capacity value would equal 0.

Grid type The grid type is selected in the Energy Model worksheet, and it is copied automatically to the Financial Summary worksheet. Peak load For “Isolated-grid” and “Off-grid” grid types, the peak electrical load kW of the local electric utility or application for off-grid systems is entered in the Energy Model worksheet, and it is copied automatically to the Financial Summary worksheet.

This is the peak load faced during the year. Net GHG emission reduction – credit duration The model calculates the cumulative net greenhouse gas GHG emission reduction for the duration of the GHG credit, in equivalent tonnes of CO2 tCO2 , resulting from the implementation of the project instead of the base case, or baseline, system. This value is calculated by multiplying the appropriate net annual GHG emission reduction by the GHG reduction credit duration.

This value is calculated in the GHG Analysis worksheet and it is copied automatically to the Financial Summary worksheet. For projects in which a change in baseline emission factor has been selected in the GHG Analysis worksheet, the model indicates the net annual average GHG emission reduction for the years preceding the change.

This value is calculated in the GHG Analysis worksheet, and it is copied automatically to the Financial Summary worksheet. Net GHG emission reduction – project life The model calculates the cumulative net GHG emission reduction for the duration of the project life, in equivalent tonnes of CO2 tCO2 , resulting from the implementation of the project instead of the base case, or baseline, system. This value is calculated by multiplying the appropriate net annual GHG emission reduction by the project life.

Financial Parameters The items entered here are used to perform calculations in this Financial Summary worksheet. Values for each parameter will depend on the perspective of the user e.

Avoided cost of energy The user enters the avoided cost of energy per kWh. This value typically represents either the “average” or the “marginal” unit cost of energy for the base case electricity system and is directly related to the cost of fuel for the base case electricity system. The user is given the flexibility in the model to determine what the base case electricity system is.

For example, the base case energy costs being avoided may be for a new combined-cycle natural gas fired power plant established as a “proxy” or baseline reference case by the local utility. The user will need to determine this value. Avoided cost of energy calculations for electric power generation usually require a relatively detailed analysis [Leng, ].

For electric power generation, electric utilities will normally calculate this value for their service area. This value may also be the amount that utilities might pay independent power producers IPP for electricity produced by the IPP.

Utilities might assign a higher value where distributed generation benefits are obtainable [Leng, ]. A more detailed description is beyond the scope of this manual for a more detailed description see Johansson, However, a brief description of possible values follows.

The range of values for avoided cost of energy for electric power generation will depend upon a number of factors. For “Isolated-grid” and “Off- grid” applications, the following figure [Sigma, ] can be used to estimate the “ball park” avoided cost of energy for diesel fuel electric generation. This value typically represents the amount that can be credited to the project in exchange of the production credit generated by the renewable energy delivered by the system. It is used in conjunction with the renewable energy delivered to calculate the annual RE production credit income.

RE production credits are most common for electricity generation from renewable energy projects. For example, it is possible to receive a tax credit of 1.

Whether or not a given project would qualify to receive such payments depends on the rules of the specific programs in the jurisdiction in which the system is installed. The value entered is assumed to be representative of year 0, i.

For tax purposes, the RE production credit is treated as supplemental income. The model escalates the RE production credit value yearly according to the RE credit escalation rate starting from year 1 and throughout the RE production credit duration. RE production credit duration The user enters the renewable energy RE production credit duration year. This value typically represents the number of years for which the project receives a RE production credit.

It is used to calculate the annual RE production credit income. This allows the user to apply rates of inflation to the value of renewable energy production credits which may be different from general inflation.

The model escalates the GHG emission reduction credit value yearly according to the GHG credit escalation rate starting from year 1 and throughout the project life. This value typically represents the number of years for which the project receives GHG reduction credits. It is used to determine the annual GHG reduction income.

For Clean Development Mechanism CDM projects, two options are available for the length of the crediting period i a fixed crediting period of 10 years or ii a renewable crediting period of 7 years that can be renewed twice for a maximum credit duration of 21 years.

If a crediting period of 10 years is selected, once the project has been validated and registered, Certified Emission Reductions CERs can be certified and issued for the 10 years of the project without revisiting the baseline. However, in the case of a renewable 7 year crediting period, the project will have to be validated after each 7 year period in order to receive CERs for the subsequent 7 years.

Thus in selecting a crediting period, the benefits of the potentially longer crediting period of the renewable crediting period e.

This permits the user to apply rates of inflation to the market price of GHG emission reduction credits which may be different from general inflation.

Avoided cost of excess energy The user enters the avoided cost of excess energy per kWh. The avoided cost of excess energy may range from zero, where there is no need for the excess energy, to a value close to the local retail price for electricity. Avoided cost of capacity The user enters the avoided cost of capacity per kW-yr. Unless the user knows this value, it is safer to assume a zero for this entry as this number is often incorporated into the “avoided cost of energy” value.

If the project being evaluated has a zero “Firm RE capacity” then this item is hidden in the spreadsheet. The value of avoided cost of capacity typically represents either the “average” or the “marginal” unit cost of capacity for a base case electric power system.

This value is directly related to the cost of generation capacity for the base case electricity system. Avoided cost of capacity calculations for electric power generation usually requires a relatively detailed analysis. This value may also be the amount that utilities will pay IPPs for electric capacity provided to the utility.

A more detailed description is beyond the scope of this manual for a more detailed description, see Johansson, This permits the user to apply rates of inflation to energy costs which are different from general inflation for other costs. The rate generally viewed as being most appropriate is an organisation’s weighted average cost of capital. An organisation’s cost of capital is not simply the interest rate that it must pay for long-term debt. Rather, cost of capital is a broad concept involving a blending of the costs of all sources of investment funds, both debt and equity.

The discount rate used to assess the financial feasibility of a given project is sometimes called the “hurdle rate,” the “cut-off rate,” or the “required rate of return. Project life The user enters the project life year , which is the duration over which the financial feasibility of the project is evaluated.

Depending on circumstances, it can correspond to the life expectancy of the energy equipment, the term of the debt, or the duration of a power purchase agreement. Although the model can analyse project life’s up to 50 years, the project life of a well designed wind energy project typically falls between 20 and 30 years.

The debt ratio reflects the financial leverage created for a project; the higher the debt ratio, the larger the financial leverage. The model uses the debt ratio to calculate the equity investment that is required to finance the project. The model uses the debt interest rate to calculate the debt payments. For example, at a minimum the debt interest rate will correspond to the yield of government bonds with the same term as the debt term.

A premium is normally added to this rate the “spread” to reflect the perceived risk of the project. Debt term The user enters the debt term year , which is the number of years over which the debt is repaid.

The debt term is either equal to, or shorter than the project life. Generally, the longer the term, the more the financial viability of an energy project improves. The model uses the debt term in the calculation of the debt payments and the yearly cash flows. The term of the debt normally falls within a 1 to 25 year range.

It should not exceed the estimated project life. Income tax analysis The user indicates by selecting from the drop-down list whether or not income tax should be factored into the financial analysis. If the user selects “Yes” certain input fields will be added to allow the user to customise the income tax analysis according to the specific circumstances of the project.

In some situations, the after-tax return of a project can be more attractive than its pre-tax return. The income tax analysis allows the model to calculate after-tax cash flows and after-tax financial indicators. In all cases, the model assumes a single income tax rate valid throughout the project life and applied to net income.

Note that the analysis is based, among others, on net initial and annual costs, i. Net taxable income is derived from the project cash inflows and outflows assuming that all revenues and expenses are paid at the end of the year in which they are earned or incurred. The effective income tax rate is assumed to be constant throughout the project life.

Note that sales tax should be considered in the “Initial Costs” section of the Cost Analysis worksheet and that property tax should be considered in the “Annual Costs” section. Loss carryforward? The user indicates by selecting from the drop-down list whether or not losses are carried forward, i.

If the user selects “Yes,” losses are carried forward and applied against taxable income in the following years, thereby reducing the income tax owed up to the accumulated losses, years after the losses occur.

If the user selects “No,” losses are not carried forward but rather lost and thereby never used to offset any other year taxable income. If the user selects “Flow-through,” losses are not carried forward but rather used in the year in which they occur and applied against profits from sources other than the project or qualify and generate a refundable tax credit , thereby reducing the income tax owed in the years in which losses occur. Whether losses must be carried forward or not will depend on the tax laws in the jurisdiction in which the project is located.

The “Flow-through” situation is typically the most advantageous for the project owner and can contribute to make profitable a project which would not appear financially attractive on a pre-tax basis.

The model does not allow losses to be carried backward and does not set a limit on the number of years for carryforwards. Depreciation method The user selects the depreciation method from three options in the drop-down list: “None,” “Declining balance” and “Straight-line.

The user should select the method accepted by the tax departments in the jurisdiction of the project. The difference between the “End of project life” value and its undepreciated capital costs at the end of the project life is treated as income if positive and as a loss if negative.

When “None” is selected, the model assumes that the project is fully capitalised at inception, is not depreciated through the years and therefore maintains its undepreciated value throughout its life. When “Declining balance” is selected, the model assumes that the capitalised costs of the project, as specified by the depreciation tax basis, are depreciated at the depreciation rate.

The portion of initial costs not capitalised is deemed to be expensed during the year of construction, i. When “Straight line” is selected, the model assumes that the capitalised costs of the project, as specified by the depreciation tax basis, are depreciated with a constant rate over the depreciation period. For both declining balance and straight-line depreciation, the model assumes that the full depreciation allowed for a given year is always taken.

Also, the model does not incorporate the. The remaining portion is deemed to be fully expensed during the year of construction year 0. The depreciation rate can vary widely according to the class of assets considered and the jurisdiction in which the project is located. Depreciation period The user enters the depreciation period year , which is the period over which the project capital costs are depreciated using a constant rate.

The depreciation period can vary widely according to the class of assets considered and the jurisdiction in which the project is located. Tax holiday available? The user indicates by selecting from the drop-down list whether or not the project can benefit from a tax holiday. If the user selects “Yes,” the tax holiday applies starting in the first year of operation, year 1, up to the tax holiday duration.

Tax holiday duration The user enters the tax holiday duration year , which is the number of years over which the tax holiday applies, starting in the first year of operation, year 1. For example, in India, certain renewable energy projects are given a five-year tax holiday.

Some calculations are made in the Financial Summary worksheet. Initial Costs The total initial costs represent the total investment that must be made to bring a project on line, before it begins to generate savings or income.

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Retscreen expert manual pdf free

 

Clean Energy Decision Support Centre www. The online user manual is a Help file within the software. Reproduction This document may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or nonprofit uses, without special permission, provided acknowledgment of the source is made.

Natural Resources Canada would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this report as a source. However, some of the materials and elements found in this report are subject to copyrights held by other organizations. In such cases, some restrictions on the reproduction of materials or graphical elements may apply; it may be necessary to seek permission from the author or copyright holder prior to reproduction.

To obtain information concerning copyright ownership and restrictions on reproduction, please contact RETScreen Espert. Disclaimer This report is distributed for informational purposes and does not necessarily reflect the views посетить страницу источник the Government of Canada nor constitute and endorsement of any commercial product or person.

Neither Canada nor its ministers, officers, employees or agents makes any warranty in respect to this report or assumes any liability arising out of this report. Minister of Natural Resources Canada Brief Description and Model Flow Chart Wind Energy Project Model Energy Model Equipment Data Cost Analysis Financial Summary Sensitivity and Risk Analysis Product Data Weather Data Cost Data Training and Support Terms of Use Website Addresses The core of the tool consists of a standardised and integrated clean energy project analysis software that can be used world-wide to evaluate the energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emission reductions for various types of energy efficient and renewable energy technologies RETs.

Each RETScreen technology model e. Wind Energy Project, etc. The Workbook file is in-turn retscreen expert manual pdf free of a series of worksheets. These worksheets have pef common look and follow a standard approach for all RETScreen models. In addition to the software, the tool includes: product, weather and cost databases; an online manual; a Website; an engineering textbook; project case studies; and a training course.

Model Flow Chart Complete each worksheet row by row from top to bottom by entering values in shaded cells. To move between worksheets simply “click” on the tabs at the bottom of each screen or on the “blue-underlined” hyperlinks built into the worksheets. Hence the user may also access the online user manual, product database and weather database by clicking on retscreen expert manual pdf free respective icon in the floating RETScreen toolbar.

For example, to access the online user manual the user clicks on the “? The RETScreen Online User Manual, or help feature, is “cursor location sensitive” and retscreen expert manual pdf free gives the help information related to the cell where the cursor is located. Retscreen expert manual pdf free Colour Coding The user enters data into “shaded” worksheet cells. All other cells that do retscteen require input data are protected to prevent the user from mistakenly deleting a formula or reference cell.

The user selects the currency in which the monetary data of the project will be reported. Selecting “User-defined” allows the user to specify the currency manually by entering a name or symbol in the additional input cell that appears adjacent to the currency switch cell.

To facilitate the presentation of monetary data, this selection may also retscreen expert manual pdf free used to reduce download download adobe audition free direct 2018 monetary data by a factor retscreen expert manual pdf free. If “None” is selected, all monetary data are expressed without units.

Hence, where monetary data is used together with other units e. The user may also select a country to obtain the International Standard Organisation ISO three- letter country currency code. For закону autodesk autocad civil 3d 2015 32 bit free free что, if Afghanistan is selected from the currency switch drop-down exppert, all project monetary data are expressed in AFA. The first two letters of the country currency code refer to the name of the country AF retscreen expert manual pdf free Retscrsenand the third letter to the name of the currency A for Afghani.

For information purposes, the user may want to assign a portion of a project cost item in a second currency, to account for those costs that must be paid for in a currency other than the currency in which the project costs are reported. To assign a cost item in a second currency, the user must select the option “Second currency” from the “Cost references” drop-down list cell.

Some currency symbols may be unclear on the screen e. The user can increase the zoom to see retscreen expert manual pdf free symbols correctly. Usually, symbols will be fully visible on printing even if not fully appearing on retscreen expert manual pdf free screen display. List of Units, Symbols and. If the fgee selects “Metric,” all input and output values will be expressed in metric units. But if the user selects “Imperial,” input and output values will be expressed in imperial units where applicable.

Only metric xepert are shown when they are the standard units used by the international wind energy industry e. Note that if the user switches between “Metric” and “Imperial,” input values will not be automatically converted into the equivalent selected units.

The user must ensure that values entered in input cells are expressed in the units shown. This is done so that the user does not save-over the “master” file. Instead, the user should use the “File, Save As” option. The user can then save retscreen expert manual pdf free file on a hard drive, diskette, Manjal, etc. However, it is recommended to save the files in the “MyFiles” directory automatically set by the RETScreen installer program on the hard drive.

The download procedure is presented in the following figure. It is important to note retecreen the user should not change directory names or the file organisation automatically set by RETScreen installer program.

Also, the main RETScreen program file and the other files in the “Program” directory should not be moved. The workbooks have been formatted for printing the worksheets on standard “letter size” paper with a retscreen expert manual pdf free quality of dpi. If the printer being used has a different dpi rating then the user must change the print quality dpi rating by selecting “File, Page Setup, Page and Manua Quality” and then retscteen the proper dpi rating for the printer.

Otherwise the user may experience quality problems with the printed worksheets. Wind Energy Project Model The RETScreen International Wind Energy Project Model can be used world-wide to easily evaluate the energy production, life-cycle costs and expwrt gas emissions reduction for central-grid, isolated-grid and off-grid wind energy projects, ranging in size from large-scale multi-turbine wind farms to small-scale single-turbine wind-diesel hybrid systems.

The Energy Model and Equipment Pff worksheets are completed first. The Cost Analysis worksheet should then be completed, followed retscreen expert manual pdf free the Financial Summary worksheet. The Sensitivity worksheet is provided to help the user estimate the sensitivity of important financial indicators in relation to key technical and financial parameters.

In general, retscreen expert manual pdf free user works from top-down retscreen expert manual pdf free each of the worksheets. This process can be repeated several times in order to help optimise the design of the wind energy project from an energy use and cost standpoint. In addition to the worksheets that are required to run the model, the Introduction worksheet and Blank Worksheets 3 are included in the Wind Energy Project Workbook file. The Introduction worksheet provides the user with a quick overview of the model.

Blank Worksheets 3 are provided to allow the user to prepare a customised RETScreen project analysis. For example, the worksheets can retscreen expert manual pdf free used to enter more details about the project, to prepare graphs and to perform a more detailed sensitivity analysis. Energy Model Retscreen expert manual pdf free part of the RETScreen Clean Вам windows 10 home windows pro free download старье Project Analysis Software, the Energy Model worksheet is used to help the user calculate the annual energy production for a wind energy project based upon local site conditions and system characteristics.

Results are calculated in common megawatt-hour Retscreen expert manual pdf free units for easy comparison of different technologies. Site Conditions The site conditions associated with estimating the annual energy production of a wind energy project are detailed below. Wind data source The user selects the wind data source that will be used by the model to perform the calculations. The options from the drop-down list are: “Wind speed” and “Wind power density.

If “Wind speed” is selected, the user enters the annual average wind speed for a given height. If “Wind power density” is selected, the user enters the annual wind power density for a given height. Nearest location for weather data The user enters the weather station location with the most representative weather conditions for the project.

This information is given for reference purposes only. The wind power density specified here must be based on an air density of 1. The user may obtain the wind power density from wind maps or calculate it based on measured wind speeds. Height of wind power density The user enters the height from the ground for which the annual wind power density was calculated. This value is used to calculate the wind speed at this level and the average retscreen expert manual pdf free speed at the hub height of the wind turbine.

Annual average wind speed The user enters the annual average wind speed measured at or near the proposed site. This value is used to calculate the average wind speed at the hub height of the wind turbine which is then used to calculate the annual energy production.

Most of these data should only be used as a starting retscreem for a sensitivity analysis. Data from the RETScreen Online Weather Database should be considered conservatively given that it reports retscreen expert manual pdf free for a location that has usually not been identified and picked for its optimal wind power experrt.

Wind retscreen expert manual pdf free in the vicinity of the weather station would lead to a site with a better average wind speed than the value provided in the RETScreen Online Weather Database.

Hence, project site data, when available, should always be used in place of the data provided in the RETScreen Online Weather Fred. Height of wind measurement The user enters the height from the ground at which the annual average wind speed was measured.

This value is used to calculate the average wind speed at the hub height of the wind turbine. For stations for which the height of wind measurement is not available from the RETScreen Weather Database, the user should conduct a sensitivity analysis for this value using 3 m as the most conservative value and 10 m as the most probable value.

The average wind speed will typically have been measured at a height of 3 to m, with oem windows 10 price free download m being most common. Any measurement at a height of less than 3 m pdv be corroborated by retscrden source of data given the strong influence terrain roughness and obstacles will have on measurements that close to the ground.

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Retscreen expert manual pdf free – Uploaded by

 
 
This value is used to calculate the size of the district cooling pipes. This is particularly the case for large projects. Main distribution line pipe cost factor If the user selects the “Formula” costing method, then a main distribution line pipe cost factor can be entered. Sign up to receive communications and alerts by sending an e-mail to RETScreen nrcan-rncan. The number of person-days required to complete the cost estimate will range between 3 and depending on the size of the project and acceptable level of risk. Logistical control is extremely important here.

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